AIDS & progres

Although age has been in treating human immunodeficiency virus transmission system and back up, the epidemic cadaver a critical public health issue in whole communities across the country and around the world.Prevention, early detection, and ongoing handling live important aspects of fearfulness for state with human immunodeficiency virus infections and aid.Nurses in all settings recover people with this ailment thus, nurses need an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosis, and expert assessment and clinical management skills to provide optimal care for people with human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS.In 1987, just 6 years by and by the beginning(a) cases of AIDS were reported, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the maiden antiretroviral agent in 1988nthe initiative randomized controlled trial of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appeared in th e literature and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing number of antiretroviral agents.Improved treatment of HIV and AIDS has resulted in increased survival times in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates fell 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively.II. BackgroundSince acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more(prenominal) than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been make in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection.During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disorder processes, more effective therapy for complications, and installation of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs).The second decade has witnessed progress in growing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay EIA, erst enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ALISH A, became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection in the beginning onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a continuing disease and some appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001).A. EpidemiologyIn retort 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993).All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in ingenuous association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a homogeneous surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2002).Starting in the later(a) 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in rejoinder to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who hurt non vexed AIDS.As of December 2001, there w ere 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and communion of injection drug work equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV.A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men 24% in injection drug use and 7% in straightaway contact.In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the trinity largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002).The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were unseasoned York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002).AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other separate of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 meg people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever.The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s however, social changes such as easier main course to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003).III. DiscussionA. SymptomsTreatment of specific manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS i n the person with advanced disease targets symptoms. Patients with HIV/AIDS experience a number of symptoms related to the disease as well as the effects of treatment. Some of the vivid symptoms are as followsRespiratory Manifestation. Shortness of breath, dyspnea (labored breathing), cough, chest pain, and fever associated with various OIs, such as those caused by Pneumocystis carinii, mycobacteria avium-intracellulare, CMV, and Legionella species.The most common infection in people with AIDS is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), one of the first OIs described in association with AIDS.PCP. PCP is the most common OIs resulting in an AIDS diagnosis. Without prophylactic therapy, PCP will develop in 80% of all HIV-infected individuals. P. carinii was originally classified as a protozoan however, studies and analysis of its ribosomal RNA organise suggest that it is a fungus.Its structure and antimicrobial sensitivity are very different from other disease-causing fungi. P. carinii causes disease only in immunocompromised hosts, invading and proliferating within the pulmonary alveoli with ensuant consolidation of the pulmonary parenchyma.